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eParticipation – top down, bottom up or both?


In a recent article, Prieto-Martin et al (2012) voiced criticism over resource-intensive eParticipation projects organized by established institutions “top down” and advocated a low key grass roots approach “bottom up”. We want to look into this issue by comparing the results of a number of eParticipation projects managed by Cbased where documents were discussed and voted on the paragraph level by different types of communities.

Table 1 summarizes the results of five public consultations sorted according to size of the document discussed and the number of participants. Dedicated web sites were set up (see http://www.cbased.com/en/consultation/plattform-forschungsinfrastruktur-rat-fur-forschung-und-technologieentwicklung, http://expectations2012.eu/en), http://www.forschungsstrategie.at/, http://www.iktstrategie.at/, http://www.energieforschungsstrategie.at/) and awareness campaigns were conducted to promote participation in these projects.

 

Users

Size

Votes

Comments

Votes/

User

Relative

Comments/

User

Relative

EU Youth Expectations

217

51

2431

190

11,20

21,97%

0,88

1,72%

Research Infrastructure

155

64

1500

212

9,68

15,12%

1,37

2,14%

Energy Research Strategy

750

192

8000

806

10,67

5,56%

1,07

0,56%

Austrian Research Strategy

411

269

6828

713

16,61

6,18%

1,73

0,64%

Austrian National ICT Strategy

67

729

1231

151

18,37

2,52%

2,25

0,31%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Austrian National ICT Strategy

67

729

1231

151

18,37

2,52%

2,25

0,31%

Research Infrastructure

155

64

1500

212

9,68

15,12%

1,37

2,14%

EU Youth Expectations

217

51

2431

190

11,20

21,97%

0,88

1,72%

Austrian Research Strategy

411

269

6828

713

16,61

6,18%

1,73

0,64%

Energy Research Strategy

750

192

8000

806

10,67

5,56%

1,07

0,56%

Table 1 shows a quite uniform picture, with 1.5 comments/user and 13 Votes on average. Also the participation rates were close to the average of 20%. The feedback per user increases slightly with document size, as this provides more opportunities for feedback. However, the perceived relevance seems to decreases with size, as indicated when the votes and comments per user are set in relation to the document size. Though weaker, a similar effect can be seen with increasing community size.

Table 2 contains the results of private consultations (for further information on these projects see https://www.facebook.com/pages/Cbased/150967281630948). Most of the projects were conducted using the standard Cbased web design and invitation mails were the only means to create awareness (for an example see http://www.cbased.com/de/consultation/cluster-manifesto). Here one can observe higher feedback rates, but also much more variety. Also the participation rates ranged from 1% for Concept Master Program over 20% for the EU Cluster Manifesto and the Journalrating to 75% in the case of the Organisational Handbook and Postdoc Career Development. Nevertheless, document and community size still seem to play a role. One can therefore conjecture that smaller scale projects yield more intensive discussions, albeit at a risk. The reason for this phenomenon could be that it is easier to communicate the relevance of a more focused issue to a smaller group than a broader more abstract one to a more heterogeneous group. In the latter case the differences are averaged out, while in the former one there is the risk that the issue is not considered relevant at all.

 

Users

Size

Votes

Comments

Votes/

User

Relative

Comments/

User

Relative

EU Cluster Manifesto

111

19

500

171

4,50

23,71%

1,54

8,11%

Concept Master Program

34

29

43

15

1,26

4,36%

0,44

1,52%

Postdoc Carreer Development

48

30

543

159

11,31

37,71%

3,31

11,04%

Rating Agencies

71

32

293

76

4,13

12,90%

1,07

3,35%

Journalrating

111

55

889

70

8,01

14,56%

0,63

1,15%

Governance Codex

39

197

1205

125

30,90

15,68%

3,21

1,63%

Political Program

303

200

4039

328

13,33

6,67%

1,08

0,54%

Organisational Handbook

23

476

1211

378

52,65

11,06%

16,43

3,45%

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Organisational Handbook

23

476

1211

378

52,65

11,06%

16,43

3,45%

Concept Master Program

34

29

43

15

1,26

4,36%

0,44

1,52%

Governance Codex

39

197

1205

125

30,90

15,68%

3,21

1,63%

Postdoc Carreer Development

48

30

543

159

11,31

37,71%

3,31

11,04%

Rating Agencies

71

32

293

76

4,13

12,90%

1,07

3,35%

EU Cluster Manifesto

111

19

500

171

4,50

23,71%

1,54

8,11%

Journalrating

111

55

889

70

8,01

14,56%

0,63

1,15%

Political Program

303

200

4039

328

13,33

6,67%

1,08

0,54%

Should we therefore stop public consultations? We think not. Even though in such cases one cannot expect that same intensity of participation than in more focused undertakings, the feedback gained is far higher and media rich than, for instance, in the case of traditional market surveys. In fact, the Austrian Research Strategy project was perceived as very successful and for this project the initiator Austrian Council received the "European Public Sector Awards 2011 (ESPA 2011)". Nevertheless, eParticipation projects involving complex tasks for large groups entail considerable and tailor-made effort to create awareness and to communicate the relevance and trustworthiness of the effort. If properly done, however, the risk is limited.

Potential initiators of bottom up projects lack the budget for such activities, but might be able to count on the intrinsic relevancy of the issue under debate. Due to the higher relevancy risk, this group of initiators does not need sophisticated configurable systems for engagement but rather a standardized and easy to set up tool so that the effort lost in case of a relevancy gap is limited. Therefore, based on the experiences made, Cbased has decided to offer two platforms: the cbased platform, on which custom-made projects are made, and discuto, which provides a set up within minutes and a fully automated project management.

Literature

Pedro Prieto-Martín, Luis de Marcos, Jose Javier Martínez: The e-(R)evolution will not be funded: A transdisciplinary and critical analysis of the developments and troubles of EU-funded eParticipation, European Journal of ePractice, 15, 2012, 62-89, 


About the author :

Alfred Taudes

Alfred Taudes is Professor for Business Administration and Business Informatics at the Vienna University of Economics and Business. His fields of expertise include strategy, knowledge management, process management, information systems and innovation. He has published over 100 articles in international professional journals and holds various scientific awards. He has supervised many international large-scale science projects and held professorships in Germany and Japan. Promoting new ideas through third party funded projects, scientific advice and the support of spin-offs has always been a core aspect of his work.


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Para pengunjung juga bisa menikmati kegiatan hiking dan berbagai aktivitas outdoor lainnya di sekitar area camping. Tempat Camping Sentul lain yang tidak kalah menariknya adalah Camping Ground Curug Cilember. Lokasinya yang berada dekat dengan air terjun membuat pengalaman berkemah di sini semakin istimewa. Suara gemericik air terjun dan hijaunya pepohonan di sekitar camping ground menciptakan atmosfer yang sangat menenangkan. Jika Anda mencari tempat untuk melepas penat dan bersantai, Camping Ground Curug Cilember bisa menjadi pilihan yang tepat. Bagi pecinta petualangan, Camping Ground Gunung Geulis bisa menjadi pilihan yang menarik. Dengan lokasi yang berada di kaki Gunung Geulis, Tempat Camping Sentul ini menawarkan pemandangan pegunungan yang memukau. Aktivitas hiking dan trekking bisa dilakukan di sekitar area camping, sehingga para pengunjung dapat menikmati keindahan alam yang masih alami. Jangan lupa untuk membawa perlengkapan camping yang cukup agar pengalaman berkemah Anda semakin menyenangkan. Sentul Eco Edu Tourism Forest adalah tempat yang wajib dikunjungi jika kamu ingin merasakan keseruan liburan yang berbeda. Di sini, kamu bisa menikmati keindahan alam yang masih alami dan segar serta berbagai kegiatan edukasi yang menarik. Salah satu hal yang harus kamu coba di Sentul Eco Edu adalah trekking di hutan belantara yang masih asri. Kamu akan disuguhi pemandangan yang memukau sepanjang perjalananmu dan juga bisa belajar tentang flora dan fauna yang ada di hutan tersebut. Selain itu, kamu juga bisa mencoba berbagai wahana outbond yang tersedia di sini, seperti flying fox, wall climbing, dan lain sebagainya. Pengalaman seru ini pasti akan membuat liburanmu di Sentul Eco Edu Tourism Forest menjadi tak terlupakan. Rahasia lain dari keseruan liburan di Sentul Eco Edu adalah kegiatan camping yang bisa kamu coba. Dengan mendirikan tenda di tengah hutan, kamu akan merasakan sensasi mendekatkan diri dengan alam dan juga bisa menikmati malam yang tenang dan damai. Selain itu, kamu juga bisa mengikuti kegiatan memasak di alam terbuka, seperti membuat api unggun dan memasak makanan dengan cara tradisional. Pengalaman ini akan memberikan kesan yang berbeda dan membuat liburanmu semakin berkesan. Jadi, jangan lewatkan kesempatan untuk mencoba semua keseruan yang ditawarkan oleh Sentul Eco Edu Tourism Forest saat liburanmu berikutnya. Talaga Cikeas Bogor adalah tempat liburan yang wajib dicoba bagi siapa pun yang ingin merasakan keseruan dan keindahan alam yang menakjubkan. Dengan pemandangan dan udara segar yang memanjakan mata dan pikiran, resort ini menjadi destinasi ideal untuk melepas penat dan stres dari rutinitas sehari-hari. Di sini, kamu bisa menikmati berbagai fasilitas yang disediakan, mulai dari kolam renang yang luas hingga restoran yang menyajikan makanan lezat. Selain itu, kegiatan outdoor seperti trekking dan bersepeda juga dapat kamu nikmati di sekitar area resort. Salah satu hal yang membuat Talaga Cikeas Resort begitu istimewa adalah keberagaman aktivitas yang bisa dilakukan di sana. Mulai dari berenang di kolam renang hingga bermain voli pantai di tepi danau, semua kegiatan tersebut akan memberikan pengalaman liburan yang tak terlupakan. Selain itu, kamu juga bisa menjelajahi hutan sekitar resort dan menikmati keindahan alam yang masih alami. Jadi, jangan ragu untuk mencoba berbagai kegiatan seru di Talaga Cikeas Resort agar liburanmu semakin berkesan. Paket Camping Sentul adalah pilihan yang sempurna untuk menghabiskan liburan yang seru dan berkesan. Dengan fasilitas camping yang lengkap dan lokasi yang strategis, kamu bisa menikmati alam yang indah sambil bersantai bersama keluarga atau teman-teman. Salah satu keuntungan dari memilih Paket Camping di Sentul adalah kamu bisa menikmati kegiatan outdoor seperti hiking, berenang, dan berbagai permainan seru lainnya. Selain itu, kamu juga bisa menikmati suasana malam yang tenang dengan berkumpul di sekitar api unggun sambil bercerita dan bernyanyi bersama. Rahasia keseruan liburan di Paket Camping Sentul juga terletak pada pengalaman unik yang bisa kamu dapatkan. Dengan menginap di tenda, kamu akan merasakan sensasi berbeda dari menginap di hotel biasa. Kamu bisa merasakan kesejukan udara pegunungan di malam hari dan terbangun dengan pemandangan alam yang menakjubkan di pagi hari. Selain itu, kamu juga bisa belajar untuk lebih menghargai alam dan memperkuat hubungan dengan orang-orang terdekat melalui kegiatan-kegiatan seru selama camping. Selain itu, Paket Camping Sentul juga menawarkan pengalaman kuliner yang tidak kalah menarik. Kamu bisa mencoba berbagai masakan lezat yang disajikan di area camping, mulai dari barbecue hingga makanan khas daerah. Selain itu, kamu juga bisa belajar cara memasak makanan ala camping dan menikmatinya bersama-sama dengan teman-teman. Dengan begitu, liburanmu tidak hanya menyenangkan tapi juga memberikan pengalaman baru yang berharga. Jadi, jangan ragu untuk mencoba Paket Camping di Sentul dan buat liburanmu menjadi lebih berkesan!

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